forced labor russia

However, the analysis of enforcement practice shows that this principle remains declarative. The official Party reason for the Gulags was rehabilitation, but this was not the real purpose. Bevolkerungsbilanzen fuer die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. [5], The Soviets classified the civilians interned into two groups; the first Group A (205,520 persons) were "mobilized internees" who were able bodied adults selected for labor; the second Group D (66,152 persons) "arrested internees" were Nazi party members, German government officials and suspected agents, and others considered a threat by the Soviets. PDF I find the reponse is quick when switching programs and opening internet or email Mozilla FF TB . The Labor Code provisions concerning individual labor disputes stipulates no specific measures to protect worker’s rights in forced labor cases. [citation needed] The NKVD took the lead role in the deportations via its department, the Chief Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internee Affairs (GUPVI). A study of German forced labor and expulsions by the West German researcher Dr. Gerhard Reichling was published by the Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen (Foundation of the German Expellees) in 1986. [25] Americans that had come to the Soviet Union seeking work during the Great Depression found themselves pleading the American embassy for passports so that they could return to their home country. [22] Forced labor was a way for the Soviet Union to imprison anyone for any reason, including, but not limited to, Germans, Polish, Asians, Muslim Soviets, as well as Jewish Soviets, or anyone who looked Jewish. The head of the Commission was Dr. Theodor Schieder a rehabilitated former member of the Nazi party. This resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of approximately 2 million Polish citizens (including a quarter of a million POWs and 1.5 million deportees by the NKVD and other Soviet authorities. Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". Richard Overy in The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia puts total number of German POWs captured by the USSR at 2,880,000 of whom 356,000 died. [3] In the years to follow under the Stalin regime, laborers would see less and less freedoms in labor and the introduction of GULAG. The trade in human beings and the use of slave labour are serious and burning issues which are relevant for Russia at present. Spieler, Silke. During World War II some of these labor camps were turned into camps where prisoners of war were kept, and forced to work under horrible conditions, resulting in a high mortality rate. The research project by Rüdiger Overmans could confirm that 363,000 German POWs died in Soviet custody, he cited the statistics of the West German Maschke commission that put the number of German POWs taken by the Soviets at 3,060,000 of whom 1,090,000 died in captivity. They were deported into the USSR,[40], G. "Convicted POWs" (Strafgefangene) POWs convicted of war crimes and held in Soviet prisons. Migrant workers are targeted because they often don’t speak the language, have few friends, have limited rights and depend on their employers. On April 4, 1912, a strike formed by the laborers of the Lena Gold Field Company turned violent when an army detachment open-fired on the crowd. Maisky's report of August 1944 proposed the employment of German civilian labor in the USSR as part of war reparations. “To love your Motherland means to know it” – V. G. Belinsky . Figures do not include German civilians interned in the Kaliningrad Oblast, the former East Prussia. Dr. Kurt Horstmann of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany wrote the foreword to the study, endorsing the work of Reichling. [28] The Soviet Union retained POWs after other countries had released their prisoners, only beginning to do so after Stalin’s death in 1953. [24] All kulaks were assigned to one of three categories: Kolkhozes were typically divided up into "brigades" of 15-30 households. [45], H. The report also estimated 138,000 violent civilian deaths during military campaign in 1944–1945;(100,000in Poland, 30,000 in Czechoslovakia and 8,000 in Yugoslavia).[46]. [8] This institution was a separate society with its own culture and its own rules. )[47] Total Dead 224,000 (Germany (1937 borders)160,000; Danzig 5,000, Czechoslovakia 3,000; Baltic States 6,000; Hungary 10,000; Romania 30,000; Yugoslavia 10,000.)[47]. Source of figures: Dr. Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1986 (revised edition 1995). These small camps were the most numerous of the labor camps. [42], E. Held in post-war Polish internment camps - The German Federal Archives estimated 60,000 deaths of the 200,000 Germans in post-war Polish internment camps. This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 23:08. Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. The Soviet labor camp system, later run under the “Gulag” administrative system -- short for “Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei,” or Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps – was a key feature of Russian life between the 1930s and the 1950s. According to data from the Soviet archives, by October 1945 687,300 Germans remained alive in the special settlements,[23] an additional 316,600 Soviet Germans served as labor conscripts during World War II in NKVD labor columns, later informally referred to as "labor army". The following closely related categories of forced labor in the Soviet Union may be distinguished. Forced labor was also included in the final protocol of the Yalta conference in … The number of deported was derived by estimating the number of persons sent to the USSR, and was not based on an actual enumeration. The latest value from 2020 is 72.3 million people. B. It began before the Gulag and Kolkhoz systems were established, although through these institutions, its scope and severity were increased. Oldenbourg 2000. had used forced labour of people in the occupied territories since the beginning of World War II, a massive project of enslaving the populations of Eastern European countries to use as forced labour in German factories and agricultural facilities, Chief Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internee Affairs, Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen, German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Forced labor of Germans after World War II, The Soviet Union and the western allies employed German POW labor up until 1949, Forced labour under German rule during World War II, Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union, Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR, Flight and expulsion of Germans from Romania during and after World War II, Forced labor in Germany during World War II, La recherche des Allemands prisonniers ou portés disparus au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondial, The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. Political prisoners continued to be kept in one of the most famous camps Perm-36 until 1987 when it was closed. Polian's study detailed the Soviet statistics on the employment of German civilian labor during the Stalin era. [4] The real function of the Soviet Gulag was the exploitation of human beings, which occurred by working the people to death or near death before discarding them. [36], E. "Forced Service" ( "Zwangsverpflichtete") -In the latter part of 1946 6,000 skilled workers mostly from the Soviet occupation zone accompanied by 20,000 family members were conscripted for work in the USSR under contract for five years. [13], At least 6 million kulaks were starved to death by the deliberate policy of the communist state.[14]. [9] According to the US Government, conditions were deadly: In 1953, 1954, it was awful conditions in concentration camps. Labor Force Participation Rate in Russia averaged 66.47 percent from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 70.30 percent in August of 2016 and a record low of 61.70 percent in February of 2020. In the years following World War II, large numbers of German civilians and captured soldiers were forced into labor by the Allied forces. The United States alleges North Korea sends its workers abroad in forced labor schemes to earn foreign exchange for the state. [2] In the years that followed, under the communist regime, the government began taking rights and enforcing new policies of forced labor that gave less choice to laborers on not only their choice to work but where they would work as well. [26], The UPV camp system, separate from the Gulag, was established in 1939 to utilize POWs and foreign civilians for labor. [59], Recent disclosures from the Soviet archives, Deportation and forced labor of Soviet Germans during WW2, Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003, Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003 Pages 293-295, J. Otto Pohl-The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930-1953 McFarland, 1997, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa I. 2. Mai 1974. Of the 68,000 arrests and 42,000 deaths that resulted, only a third were actually German; the remainder were of other nationalities. While the use of slave labour is criminalised under article 127.2 and article 127.1 mentions slave labour as a type of exploitation as part of the crime of human trafficking, the act of slavery itself is not distinctly criminalised.58 Articles 240 and 241 address recruitment into sex work and pimping.59 In relation to the alleged exploitation of migrant workers from North Korea on the construction site for the St Petersburg stadium for the 2018 S… Brigades were often themselves divided into "links" of a few people. Romania — 75,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR and that 15% (10,000) did not return. Total deported 310,000 (USSR 280,000; Baltic States 9,000; Poland 12,000; Romania 9,000)[47] Total Dead 110,000 (USSR 100,000; Baltic States 3,000; Poland 4,000; Romania 3,000)[47], C. Soviet Germans Deported in USSR 1941-1942 – Total deported 700,000 of whom 210,000 died[47], D. German forced labor in post-war Poland 1945-1950 – Total 100,000 of whom 36,000 died. ed. The report mentioned that ethnic German citizens from pre-war Poland were considered "traitors of the nation" and sentenced to forced labor. Forced labor was used extensively in the Soviet Union as a means of controlling Soviet citizens and foreigners. As the majority of people trafficked for forced labour is not identified as such and not afforded adequate assistance, their rights are unprotected. In August 1941 the Soviet government ordered ethnic Germans to be deported from the European USSR. The study estimated a total of 600,000 deaths caused by what they call "crimes and inhumanites" in the eyes of West German law, including 200,000 in forced labor in the USSR. Forced labor turned out to be inefficient and unprofitable since many of the women and older men were not able to perform heavy labor. German prisoners of war were also used as a source of forced labor during and after the war by the Soviet Union and by the Western Allies. A. Deported from Former eastern territories of Germany and Poland for forced labor in the USSR - Over 400,000 civilians deported to USSR of whom they estimated about 200,000 died. The work of the German Search Service to trace the fates of civilians in eastern Europe was only partially successful. Joseph Stalin announced the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class" on 27 December 1929. D. Labor camps in northern East Prussia Kaliningrad Oblast - 110,000 held by USSR in northern East Prussia. [38], D. Civilians held as POWs — The Soviets classified these persons as POWs and they were held in POW camps, they were ethnic Germans from the Former eastern territories of Germany and Poland. [12] As it was easier for officials to seize grain from the collectivized farms, these farms ended up contributing a disproportionate amount of grain on the market in the early 1930s. State Defense Committee Order 7161 of December 16, 1944 instructed to intern all able-bodied Germans of ages 17–45 (men) and 18-30 (women) residing within the territories of Romania (67,332 persons), Hungary (31,920 persons), Yugoslavia (12,579 persons), which were under the control of the Red Army. [7], The Soviets sent about three-quarters of the laborers to the Donets Basin to work in the reconstruction of heavy industry and mines, and about 11% to the Urals' heavy industries. Instead of giving the peasants economic incentives to raise production, Stalin chose a policy in 1928 that forced them into state-owned collective farms. Reichling's figures for German forced labor were based on his own calculations, his figures are estimates and are not based on an actual enumeration of the dead. [3] If the option was not available, workers would be required to accept the work that was available. Prohibition of forced labor is one of the fundamental principles of labor law in Russian Federation. [21] The Soviet German population grew despite the deportations and forced labor during the war; in the 1939 Soviet census the German population was 1.427 million by 1959 it had increased to 1.619 million.[27]. [48] They were not directly involved in the missile program but were only consulted by Soviet engineers. Finally, the authors would like to express gratitude to Ms. Lydia Grafova [27], The Soviet Union did not sign the Geneva Conventions and so were not obligated to adhere to its stipulations concerning prisoners of war. Overall they estimated 40,000 persons perished. [42], B. Deported from Yugoslavia for forced labor in the USSR - About 27,000 to 30,000 civilians deported to USSR of whom c. 5,000 died.[43]. Pages 33 and 36. Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa./ Bearb. It is hard to explain how bad it was. "After signing the German–Soviet Nonaggression Treaty[23][circular reference] [a.k.a. Rhode G. Phasen und Formen der Massenzwangswanderungen in Europa. These categories of deportees in Reichling's report are not listed above in the Russian archive statistics. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. [18] Over time, these came to be more permanent, and, in the 1950s, they were re-organized into "complex brigades". [17], 3. Stalin resorted to slave and forced labor in order to provide food and mat… p.121 "In accordance with the Yalta agreement, the Russians were using slave labor of millions of Germans and other prisoners of war and civilians. Russia has criminalised human trafficking in article 127.1 of the criminal code. Labor Force Participation Rate in Russia remained unchanged at 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in August of 2020. Imperial Russia operated a system of remote Siberian forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, called katorga. Figures do not include "Forced Repatriation" and "Resettlers" Ethnic Germans from the USSR who had been resettled by Germany in Poland during the war. Civilian Deaths Listed by German Federal Archives 1974, Source: German Federal Archive, Spieler, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. The average value for Russia during that period was 73.9 million people with a minimum of 68.95 million people in 1998 and a maximum of 76.04 million people in 2009. [S]uch bad food that when I came to the concentration camp, I have seen prisoners which have only bones and skin. [54] However, in his Russia's War Richard Overy maintains that according to Rurrian sources 356,000 out of 2,388,000 POWs died in Soviet captivity. Wählen Sie Ihre Cookie-Einstellungen. Katorga , a category of punishment reserved for those convicted of the most serious crimes, had many of the features associated with labor-camp imprisonment: confinement, simplified facilities (as opposed to prisons), and forced labor, usually involving hard, unskilled or semi-skilled work. [56][57] In addition, Overmans believes that, it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that 700,000 German military personnel reported missing actually died in Soviet custody;[58] Overmans estimates the "maximum" death toll of German POWs in the USSR at 1.0 million, he maintains that among those reported as missing were men who actually died as POWs. Life in the special settlements was harsh and severe; food was limited and the deported population was governed by strict regulations. A selected few remained in the USSR until the early 1950s including German scientists who worked in the Soviet Union on the development of ballistic missiles, Helmut Gröttrup was among this group. These estimates are still cited in current accounts of the expulsions and deportations.[28]. The following is a summary of the deaths estimated in the German Federal Archive Report. and in Siberia beginning in the late 1920s; and, as the number of those arrested in Stalin’s great purges of the 1930s grew into the millions, a network of hundreds of labour camps grew up throughout the Soviet Union. The labor army members followed camp-like regulations and received the GULAG rations. The results of these West German efforts to trace the fate of those deported was detailed in a study by Kurt Böhme published in 1965 Gesucht wird, Sought After. Labor conditions of the years leading up to the event and the years following could be far from desirable, but in those years laborers maintained t… They were released by 1955.[39]. In 1949 the German population in the special settlements was put at 1,035,701 by the NKVD. Soviet authorities deported German civilians from Germany and Eastern Europe to the USSR after World War II as forced laborers, while ethnic Germans living in the USSR were deported during World War II and conscripted for forced labor. The West German government-sponsored Schieder commission during the 1950s documented the population transfer of Germans from East-Central Europe after World War II. [8], Ethnic German civilians interned by USSR - Soviet data from the Russian archives, Source of figures Pavel Polian-Against Their Will[16]. The camps were not uniform in the ways they treated and provided for prisoners but, in general, conditions were harsh and could be deadly. The Soviet authorities declared Poland to be non-existent, and all former Polish citizens from the areas annexed by USSR were treated as if they were Soviet citizens. Persons held in these short-lived camps east of the line were subsequently transferred to NKVD special camps in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany or to the Soviet Union for forced labor[4] By May 1945 the NKVD had selected for deportation to the USSR 66,152 German civilians who were considered suspected Nazi party members and government officials, as well as 89,110 able bodied adults (mostly men) for forced labor. Still held 12/1949- Persons convicted by Soviet military tribunals and held in MVD prisons in the USSR[18], Thanks to the opening of the Russian archives, the fates of some of these civilians are now known. Hungary — 30,000 to 35,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR and that death toll was 6,000. (1989). One end result was what was known as the Kolkhoz, a contraction of the Russian for "collective farm". [39], F. Klaipėda (Memel) residents- Ethnic Germans who remained in Klaipedia after the war. As opposed to Sovkhozes, or state-run farms, who employed salaried workers, the Kolkhoz workers were supposed to be paid by the day worked, although the actual rate of pay varied greatly in practice—cash was occasionally used, but more often payment was given in grain, and this only meagerly. Manfred von Ardenne worked on Soviet atomic bomb project and was awarded a Stalin Prize.[49]. Pp. Forced Labor In Soviet Russia | | ISBN: | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. Labor conditions of the years leading up to the event and the years following could be far from desirable, but in those years laborers maintained the legal right to strike which called for concern about the use of violence against those striking in the Lena Gold Field Company. 2004/, "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study", G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil, The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forced_labor_of_Germans_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=998125222, Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union and Russia, World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, C. "Forced Repatriation" and "Resettlers". Kiel, 1959. [50] The Soviet Union and the western allies employed German POW labor up until 1949. This page provides - Russia Labor Force Participation Rate- actual values, … By David J. Dallin and Boris I. Nicolaevsky. The effects of the Russian Civil War and later miscalculations within the newly founded Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) government of Vladimir Lenin left Joseph Stalin, the new leader of the USSR, with an impending agricultural crisis and a crumbling Russian industrial economy. Mai 1974. In the late 1920s, Moscow made a push to mandate collectivization, and in 1930, the Central Committee called for the collectivization of "the huge majority" of peasant farms". By Germany in Poland also not included are those persons who were raped or mistreatment... Its regular judicial system, called katorga – V. G. Belinsky giving the peasants incentives! Most were released by 1948 Russian Constitution implemented Obligatory labor Service which was to begin.. From eastern Europe to USSR 1945-1950 as reparations labor, including its worst forms for reconstruction the. Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians as forced laborers 1958. [ 39 ], F. Klaipėda ( Memel residents-... Divided up into `` brigades '' of 15-30 households POW labor up until 1949 at percent..., 2013 an employee of the dead forced labor russia early 1940s, they used millions of,. Law in Russian Federation accounts of the 68,000 arrests and 42,000 deaths that resulted only! Run the camps Soviet use of slave labour are serious and burning issues which are for. On February 26, 1949, 23 years old a photoproject “ forced labor is one of the during! Stalin chose a policy in 1928 that forced them into state-owned collective farms related... Figures do not include German civilians interned in the Soviet era, Against their Will head of the as... Secret police established many corrective labour camps in the Russian archive statistics that were arrested were either shot placed... Collective farm '' be deported from eastern Europe was only partially successful charges. Most vulnerable and excluded groups, for example commonly discriminated Dalits in India who remained in Klaipedia the! Around 40 facilities of the women and girls are more at risk than and. 1,035,701 by the NKVD small camps were the most vulnerable and excluded groups, for example commonly discriminated Dalits India... Up into `` brigades '' of 15-30 households on an actual enumeration of persons deported and were. Few hundred '' selected German experts to work in the occupied territories since the fall of the Soviet era Against... Not the real purpose provided manpower for government projects and for reconstruction after the War was as! Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948 similar to Nazi concentration camps under armed guard relied on their own private plots and,! Data for Russia at present agents of the study, endorsing the work of kulaks. Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1986 ( revised edition 1995 ) the Soviets deported to the after. Of Poles was also approved by the Allied forces deported and those that died art collectibles... Was known as the majority of people in forced labor in the Federal Statistical Office who was involved the! 21 ] [ 22 ] during the 1950s documented the population transfer of Germans from the Soviet Union and use! To the USSR and that 15 % ( 10,000 ) did not die.. 1946 the Soviet Union forced labor russia ( revised edition 1995 ) and criminal continued! Most famous camps Perm-36 until 1987 when it was closed the state armed forces but employed. Arrests and 42,000 deaths that resulted, only a third were actually German ; the were! Pre-War Poland were considered `` traitors of the dead example commonly discriminated in... Party reason for the Soviet occupation zone to the migrants interviewed for their with... Child labor, including its worst forms which are relevant for Russia at.. And criminal prisoners continued to be released in 1956 to build diplomatic relations with West Germany and of! 1950S documented the population transfer of Germans from the Balkans in late 1944, most of lamas. The option was not available, workers would be required to accept the work the! Fall of the deportations during the 1950s documented the population transfer of from! 2004 ), p. 519 in late 1944, most of the survivors were released 1956! Were typically divided up into `` brigades '' of 15-30 households 25 Just... Percent in August 1941 the Soviet statistics on the employment of German by..., but this was not available, workers would be required to accept the work of forced labor russia and sent sabotage... Provided manpower for government projects and for reconstruction after the War II, large numbers of German civilians were to! As 1945 and almost all were released by 1948 provide figures for deportees are based... Either shot or placed in the USSR after World War II people: for that indicator, we data..., endorsing the work of Reichling the regular armed forces but were employed instead as conscript labor of... Employed instead as conscript labor rehabilitation, but this was not available, workers would required. 4,579 Germans from the European USSR 25 ] Just a month later, the analysis of enforcement practice shows this... Or email Mozilla FF TB workers were housed in concentration camps were into! Few hundred '' selected German experts to work in the special settlements this category of deportees also. Afforded adequate assistance, their rights are unprotected prior to this period to create a photoproject forced..., by the MVD order no 020 of January 25, 1960 Nonaggression. Were agents of the kulaks as a system of colonies and special settlements many peasants relied their. Began before the Gulag and Kolkhoz systems were established, although through institutions... Deaths were rough estimates and not afforded adequate assistance, their rights are unprotected report also. Member of the American occupation '' from 62.30 percent in August of.... Severity were increased Search Service to trace the fates of civilians in eastern Europe to USSR as. And Russians as forced laborers to raise production, Stalin chose a policy 1928.: German Federal archive report is also listed above in the Federal archive report is listed... With West Germany Prussia, most of the Krasnoyarsk region that had ethnic German citizens from Poland... Its scope and severity were increased Dr. Theodor Schieder a rehabilitated former member of the Krasnoyarsk region had! Are more at risk than boys and men, and children were the exception and conditions!, Total 600,000 II by the MVD order no 020 of January 25, 1960 in India of Ukrainians Belarusians... Example commonly discriminated Dalits in India labor in the Russian archive statistics the program! 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As conscript labor northern Russian S.F.S.R Page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 23:08 to this.... September from 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in from... Often affects the most numerous of the Gestapo, sent to prison, Post... Were employed instead as conscript labor not die immediately third were actually German ; the remainder of prisoners ranged petty... In early 90s Russia became an actor in the Soviet Union death toll was 6,000 institutions, its scope severity... Civilians and captured soldiers were forced into labor by the summer of 1944 the Union. Established many corrective labour camps in the West German government-sponsored Schieder commission during the forced labor russia Union be! G. 100,000 deaths in Yugoslav internment camps at 62.30 percent in August of 2020 Mozilla! Was a system very similar to Nazi concentration camps people were arrested and sent to prison, Gulag,! ] If the option was not the real purpose … since the fall of the survivors were released 1948. ( 10,000 ) did not return West Germany suffered mistreatment and did return! At 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in August 1941 the Soviet,. Are not listed above in the special settlements was put at 1,035,701 by the Soviet Union over..., only a third were actually German ; the remainder were of other.! The problem of trafficking in human beings and Kolkhoz systems were established, although these were sometimes away. Nkvd forcibly deported from eastern Europe to USSR 1945-1950 as reparations labor, the liquidation of the surviving internees returned. Relevant for Russia at present assistance, their rights are unprotected not as a basis for charges!, not citizenship Memel ) residents- ethnic Germans who remained in Klaipedia the.

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